Standard Library Functions - C Interview Questions VII

Q. Is there a way to jump out of a function or functions?

The standard library functions setjmp() and longjmp() are used to provide a goto that can jump out of a function or functions, in the rare cases in which this action is useful. To correctly use setjmp() and longjmp(), you must apply several conditions.

You must #include the header file setjmp.h. This file provides the prototypes for setjmp() and longjmp(), and it defines the type jmp_buf. You need a variable of type jmp_buf to pass as an argument to both setjmp() andlongjmp(). This variable will contain the information needed to make the jump occur.

You must call setjmp() to initialize the jmp_buf variable. If setjmp() returns 0, you have just initialized thejmp_buf. If setjmp() returns anything else, your program just jumped to that point via a call to longjmp(). In that case, the return value is whatever your program passed to longjmp().

Conceptually, longjmp() works as if when it is called, the currently executing function returns. Then the function that called it returns, and so on, until the function containing the call to setjmp() is executing. Then execution jumps to where setjmp() was called from, and execution continues from the return of setjmp(), but with the return value of setjmp() set to whatever argument was passed to longjmp(). In other words, if function f() calls setjmp()and later calls function g(), and function g() calls function h(), which calls longjmp(), the program behaves as ifh() returned immediately, then g() returned immediately, then f() executed a goto back to the setjmp() call.

What this means is that for a call to longjmp() to work properly, the program must already have called setjmp()and must not have returned from the function that called setjmp(). If these conditions are not fulfilled, the operation of longjmp() is undefined (meaning your program will probably crash). The program The below program illustrates the use of setjmp() and longjmp(). It is obviously contrived, because it would be simpler to write this program without using setjmp() and longjmp(). In general, when you are tempted to use setjmp() andlongjmp(), try to find a way to write the program without them, because they are easy to misuse and can make a program difficult to read and maintain.

/* An example of using setjmp() and longjmp(). */

#include        <setjmp.h>

#include        <stdio.h>

#include        <string.h>

#include        <stdlib.h>

#define RETRY_PROCESS 1

#define QUIT_PROCESS  2

jmp_buf env;

int nitems;

int procItem()

{

    char    buf[256];

    if (gets(buf) && strcmp(buf, "done"))

    {

        if (strcmp(buf, "quit") == 0)

                longjmp(env, QUIT_PROCESS);

        if (strcmp(buf, "restart") == 0)

                longjmp(env, RETRY_PROCESS);

        nitems++;

        return 1;

    }

    return 0;

}

void process()

{

    printf("Enter items, followed by 'done'.\n");

    printf("At any time, you can type 'quit' to exit\n");

    printf("or 'restart' to start over again\n");

    nitems = 0;

    while (procItem());

}

void main()

{

    for ( ; ; )

    {

        switch (setjmp(env))

        {

            case 0:

            case RETRY_PROCESS:

                    process();

                    printf("You typed in %d items.\n",

                            nitems);

                    break;

            case QUIT_PROCESS:

            default:

                    exit(0);

        }

    }

}