Hibernate Interview questions

Hibernate is most popular ORM tool using with Java. It helps developer to more focus on building business logic. Java is made to build applications more quickly and in more standard ways. This tool helps to communicate the java application with various RBDMS systems. It works as layer between java application and database. If application decide to change database then ideally it should be only configuration change in hibernate property file.

       Performance is another big plus with hibernate where you can easily add caching using various tools which avoid doing database base lookup in each entity look up. Below are basic hibernate interviews questions.

1.What is benefit of using ORM tools?
The main advantage of ORM like hibernate is that it shields developers from messy SQL. Apart from this, ORM provides following benefits:

 Improved productivity

             High-level object-oriented API
             Less Java code to write
             No SQL to write
             Improved performance
             Sophisticated caching
             Lazy loading
             Eager loading

 Improved maintainability

            A lot less code to write

 Improved portability

 ORM framework generates database-specific SQL for you

2. What are the most common methods of Hibernate configuration?

The most common methods of Hibernate configuration are:

 Programmatic configuration

 XML configuration (hibernate.cfg.xml)

3.What is the need for Hibernate xml mapping file?

Hibernate mapping file tells Hibernate which tables and columns to use to load and store objects.

4.What are the Core interfaces are of Hibernate framework

The five core interfaces are used in just about every Hibernate application. Using these interfaces, you can store and retrieve persistent objects and control transactions.

 Session interface

 SessionFactory interface

Configuration interface  

 Transaction interface

 Query and Criteria interface

5. What role does the Session interface play in Hibernate?

The Session interface is the primary interface used by Hibernate applications. It is a single-threaded, short-lived object representing a conversation between the application and the persistent store. It allows you to create query objects to retrieve persistent objects.

Session session = sessionFactory.openSession();

Session interface role:

 Wraps a JDBC connection

 Factory for Transaction

 Holds a mandatory (first-level) cache of persistent objects, used when navigating the object graph or looking up objects by identifier

6. What role does the SessionFactory interface play in Hibernate?
Application obtains Session instances from a SessionFactory. There is typically a single SessionFactory for the whole applicationå¹¼reated during application initialization. The SessionFactory caches generate SQL statements and other mapping metadata that Hibernate uses at runtime. It also holds cached data that has been read in one unit of work and may be reused in a future unit of work

   SessionFactory sessionFactory = configuration.buildSessionFactory();

7. What is the general flow of Hibernate communication with RDBMS?
The general flow of Hibernate communication with RDBMS is :
 Load the Hibernate configuration file and create configuration object. It will automatically load all hbm mapping files 
 Create session factory from configuration object
 Get one session from this session factory
 Create HQL Query

Execute query to get list containing Java objects

8.What is Hibernate Query Language (HQL)?
Hibernate offers a query language that embodies a very powerful and flexible mechanism to query, store, update, and retrieve objects from a database. This language, the Hibernate query Language (HQL), is an object-oriented extension to SQL.

9. How do you map Java Objects with Database tables?
First we need to write Java domain objects (beans with setter and getter). Write hbm.xml, where we map java class to table and database columns to Java class variables.
Example :

<hibernate-mapping>
<class name="com.test.User" table="user">

<property column="USER_NAME" length="255" name="userName" not-null="true" type="java.lang.String"/>
<property column="USER_PASSWORD" length="255"name="userPassword" not-null="true" type="java.lang.String"/>

</class>

</hibernate-mapping>

10. What’s the difference between load() and get()?
load() vs. get() :-
                                  load()                                                                                                                                                                get()

Only use the load() method if you are sure that the object exists.                 ----         If you are not sure that the object exists, then use one of the get() methods.
load() method will throw an exception if the unique id is not found in the database.  ---  get() method will return null if the unique id is not found in the database.
load() just returns a proxy by default and database won’t be hit until the proxy is first invoked.       ----          get() will hit the database immediately.

11. What is the difference between and merge and update ?

Use update() if you are sure that the session does not contain an already persistent instance with the same identifier, and merge() if you want to merge your modifications at any time without consideration of the state of the session.

12. How do you define sequence generated primary key in hibernate?
Using <generator> tag.
Example:-

<id column="USER_ID" name="id" type="java.lang.Long">
<generator class="sequence">
<param name="table">SEQUENCE_NAME</param>
<generator>
</id>

13. Define cascade and inverse option in one-many mapping?
cascade - enable operations to cascade to child entities.
cascade="all|none|save-update|delete|all-delete-orphan"
inverse - mark this collection as the "inverse" end of a bidirectional association.
inverse="true|false"
Essentially "inverse" indicates which end of a relationship should be ignored, so when persisting a parent who has a collection of children, should you ask the parent for its list of children, or ask the children who the parents are?

14. What do you mean by Named – SQL query?
Named SQL queries are defined in the mapping xml document and called wherever required.
Example:
<sql-query name = "empdetails">
<return alias="emp" class="com.test.Employee"/>
SELECT emp.EMP_ID AS {emp.empid},
emp.EMP_ADDRESS AS {emp.address},
emp.EMP_NAME AS {emp.name}
FROM Employee EMP WHERE emp.NAME LIKE :name
</sql-query>

Invoke Named Query :
List people = session.getNamedQuery("empdetails").setString("TomBrady", name)
.setMaxResults(50)
.list();

15. How do you invoke Stored Procedures?

<sql-query name="selectAllEmployees_SP" callable="true">
<return alias="emp" class="employee">
<return-property name="empid" column="EMP_ID"/>
<return-property name="name" column="EMP_NAME"/>
<return-property name="address" column="EMP_ADDRESS"/>
{ ? = call selectAllEmployees() }
</return>
</sql-query>

16. Explain Criteria API
Criteria is a simplified API for retrieving entities by composing Criterion objects. This is a very convenient approach for functionality like "search" screens where there is a variable number of conditions to be placed upon the result set.
Example :

List employees = session.createCriteria(Employee.class)
.add(Restrictions.like("name", "a%") )
.add(Restrictions.like("address", "Boston"))
.addOrder(Order.asc("name") )
.list();

17. Define HibernateTemplate?
org.springframework.orm.hibernate.HibernateTemplate is a helper class which provides different methods for querying/retrieving data from the database. It also converts checked HibernateExceptions into unchecked DataAccessExceptions.

18. What are the benefits does HibernateTemplate provide?
The benefits of HibernateTemplate are :
 HibernateTemplate, a Spring Template class simplifies interactions with Hibernate Session.
 Common functions are simplified to single method calls.
 Sessions are automatically closed.
 Exceptions are automatically caught and converted to runtime exceptions.

19. If you want to see the Hibernate generated SQL statements on console, what should we do?
In Hibernate configuration file set as follows:
<property name="show_sql">true</property>

20.What are derived properties?
The properties that are not mapped to a column, but calculated at runtime by evaluation of an expression are called derived properties. The expression can be defined using the formula attribute of the element.

21. What is the difference between sorted and ordered collection in hibernate?
sorted collection vs. order collection :-
sorted collection              order collection
A sorted collection is sorting a collection by utilizing the sorting features provided by the Java collections framework. The sorting occurs in the memory of JVM which running Hibernate, after the data being read from database using java comparator.       Order collection is sorting a collection by specifying the order-by clause for sorting this collection when retrieval.
If your collection is not large, it will be more efficient way to sort it.          If your collection is very large, it will be more efficient way to sort it .

22. What are the Collection types in Hibernate ? 
 Bag
 Set 
 List 
 Array 
 Map

23. Define cascade and inverse option in one-many mapping?
cascade - enable operations to cascade to child entities.
cascade="all|none|save-update|delete|all-delete-orphan"
inverse - mark this collection as the "inverse" end of a bidirectional association.
inverse="true|false"

Essentially "inverse" indicates which end of a relationship should be ignored, so when persisting a parent who has a collection of children, should you ask the parent for its list of children, or ask the children who the parents are?

24.What is Hibernate proxy?
The proxy attribute enables lazy initialization of persistent instances of the class. Hibernate will initially return CGLIB proxies which implement the named interface. The actual persistent object will be loaded when a method of the proxy is invoked.

25. How can Hibernate be configured to access an instance variable directly and not through a setter method ?
By mapping the property with access="field" in Hibernate metadata. This forces hibernate to bypass the setter method and access the instance variable directly while initializing a newly loaded object.

26. How can a whole class be mapped as immutable?
Mark the class as mutable="false" (Default is true),. This specifies that instances of the class are (not) mutable. Immutable classes, may not be updated or deleted by the application.

27. How can a whole class be mapped as immutable?
Mark the class as mutable="false" (Default is true),. This specifies that instances of the class are (not) mutable. Immutable classes, may not be updated or deleted by the application.

28. What are the types of inheritance models in Hibernate?
There are three types of inheritance models in Hibernate:
        Table per class hierarchy 
        Table per subclass 
        Table per concrete class

29. What are the types of Hibernate instance states ?
Three types of instance states: 
 Transient -The instance is not associated with any persistence context
 Persistent -The instance is associated with a persistence context 
 Detached -The instance was associated with a persistence context which has been closed – currently not associated

30.what is the use of dynamic-insert and dynamic-update attributes in a class mapping?

Criteria is a simplified API for retrieving entities by composing Criterion objects. This is a very convenient approach for functionality like "search" screens where there is a variable number of conditions to be placed upon the result set.
 dynamic-update (defaults to false): Specifies that UPDATE SQL should be generated at runtime and contain only those columns whose values have changed 
 dynamic-insert (defaults to false): Specifies that INSERT SQL should be generated at runtime and contain only the columns whose values are not null.

31.What do you mean by fetching strategy ?
A fetching strategy is the strategy Hibernate will use for retrieving associated objects if the application needs to navigate the association. Fetch strategies may be declared in the O/R mapping metadata, or over-ridden by a particular HQL or Criteria query.

32.What is automatic dirty checking?
Automatic dirty checking is a feature that saves us the effort of explicitly asking Hibernate to update the database when we modify the state of an object inside a transaction.

33.What is transactional write-behind?
Hibernate uses a sophisticated algorithm to determine an efficient ordering that avoids database foreign key constraint violations but is still sufficiently predictable to the user. This feature is called transactional write-behind

34. What are Callback interfaces?
Callback interfaces allow the application to receive a notification when something interesting happens to an object—for example, when an object is loaded, saved, or deleted. Hibernate applications don't need to implement these callbacks, but they're useful for implementing certain kinds of generic functionality.